Understanding the Childhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Understanding the Childhood - Essay Example The essay "Understanding the Childhood" talks about the maladjustment or maltreatment during childhood which more often than not surfaces in some form of societal contradictions and confrontations in a child’s later life. The paper also discusses a school, not as an institution that had strict administrative procedures. The primary right of a child is not to be affected by social prejudices and legal structures, if any, that might be prevalent against their parents. All actions taken by legal, social, governmental and non-governmental bodies that might affect children must be taken with the best interest of concerned children in mind. United Nations has also declared in its charter that, except under extraordinary circumstances, therefore, State should ensure that a child is never separated from their parents. The world body has also been unambiguous in its censure of illegal human trading in children and has directed State to take the most stringent measures to prevent any su ch nefarious activity. A child, like any other adult human being, will be entitled to freedom of opinion, thought and expression and will also be entitled to their right of privacy. However, Helen Penn draws our attention to the fact that notions of childhood is not the same in every region of the world and varies much wider than can be conceived by a Westerner. Just to place her argument in proper perspective, hence she draws the example of poverty as viewed in the Western world and elsewhere.

Stock and Inventory Management Practices Essay Example for Free

Stock and Inventory Management Practices Essay Intuiting The researcher become totally immersed in the phenomenon into the lived experiences of the clients with regard to the inventory and supply management system of convenience store. The researcher has come to know about the phenomenon as described by the participants through the use of in depth interview. The researchers will avoid giving their criticism, evaluation or opinion and pays strict attention to the phenomenon under investigation as it as be described at the initial stage Analyzing In the second step of this phenomenological analyzing, the researcher will be involved in identifying the essence of the phenomenon under investigation based on data that was obtained and how the data are presented. They will  distinguish the phenomenon with regard to elements on constituents, and explored the relationship and connections with adjacent phenomena (ibid). Describing In this kind of phenomenological describing, the researchers describe the operation to communicate and bring written and verbal description distinct, critical elements of the phenomenon. They came up with the description based on the classification or grouping of the phenomenon. They avoid attempting to describe a phenomenon prematurely so as to make sure that they would not be committed methodological error  Co-Researchers of the Study It is necessary for a phenomenological researcher utilizing the interview method to seek out participants who not only have had the particular experience being investigated but also are able to articulate their experience. It should be remembered that the phenomenological researcher is seeking to illuminate human phenomena and not, in the strictest sense to generalize the findings. Therefore randomness, or participants unable to articulate the experience, might,in fact, keep the researcher from fully investigating the phenomenon in the depthful manner necessary, hence participants are chosen by the ability to fully describe the experience being researched. (sunburst.usd.edu) Description of Co-researchers of the Study The co-researchers of this study who are to be chosen by the researcher will be 3 convenience store owners or employees in Quiapo, Metro Manila who are involved in the operation of convenience store for at least three (3) years and have been practicing traditional supply and inventory system and have encountered problems over stock and inventory. Location of the Study The location of this study will be at Quaipo, Street, Metro Manila. The Guiding Framework The analytical procedure is psycho-phenomenological in nature and comprise seven step, inspired by Giorgi (1996) and Vaam Kaam (2000): horizontalization, reduction and elimination, individual and textural-structural description, verification, validation, and synthesis. These seven steps are shown below: [pic] Figure 2 Phenomenological Analysis Process Procedures and Analysis of Data 1. Horizontalization: Reading of the Transcription For the purpose of obtaining an overall picture, the researchers will read the written testimonies of service availing experience. Then each one analyzed the testimonies carefully and deliberately. The units of service availing experience were drawn and were extracted from these transcribed interviews. 2. Elimination and Reduction: Division into Meaning Units Each transcribed testimony of service availing experiences will be read once more, and thereafter was divided into meaning units. A meaning unit is a coherent expression of meaning comprising one or (usually) more sentences. In this process, repetitive words and redundant expressions will be eliminated. 3. Transformation: Clustering and Thematizing Each meaning unit was systematically transform in two steps (first and second transformation), each raising the level of abstraction. In this, bracketing was employed, which is to say that the researcher’s previous knowledge and understanding was excluded. The meaning units is set out as scrupulously as possible and with no intrusion of interpretation. 4. Individual and Textural-Structural Description This step will be used to clarify and elaborate the meaning by relating constituents to each other and to the whole. In this process, the researchers reflect on the themes that were developed, and find overlapping themes which are related to each other. These themes with similar meaning and related construct on criterion were converged as one. In this manner, the very essence of convergent validity was followed in reintegrating related themes as one. 5. Verification In this process, the researchers reflected on the constituents in the concrete language of the participant. They had identified the defining elements for each theme. The defining element was the basic structural unit of the experience. 6. Validation There were two steps in the process of validation. First, the researchers will used inter subjective validation. This was done after the interview is transcribed, and brings it back to their co-researchers to validate if the transcription is connecting in the arrangement/structure and content. The second step was the presentation of the result of the findings of the study to their co-researchers to find out if the results of the study do in fact reflect their service availing experiences. The transcription was based on the interview which used high efficient voice recording device. Transcription Standard The interview will be transcribed meticulously with the use of an earphone that is attached to the voice recording device. The technique that will be used is â€Å"listen to the voice in one or two sentences pause to write the lines heard from the audiotape and play continue†. This technique will be used to make sure that accurate verbatim expressions are written accurately including sounds of laughter, coughing, and other distinct sounds that will be recorded by the machine/voice recording device. 7. Synthesis In this process, the researchers integrated their insight and reflection on the synthesis or composite structure of the experience through a descriptive structure of its meaning. Base on the insight, they will expound on the meaning of the themes based on the narrative story of their co-researchers. Each theme will be supported and substantiated by a description of the experience, and interpreted in the light of the insights they had inferred from the experienced and through the existing review of relevant literature and studies. Guide Questions: 1. What are the types of inventories that you keep? 2. How do you determine the inventories that you will keep? 3. Can you share with us your practices related with your inventories? (general) 4. Can you share with us your practices in purchasing your inventories? 5. How do you determine the timing of inventory purchase? 6. Can you share with us your practices in storing and organizing your inventories? 7. Can you share with us your practices in keeping your inventories safe and secure? 8. Can you share with us your practices in selling your inventories? 9. How do you establish your selling price? 10. What are the problems that you have encountered in managing your inventories? (general) 11. What are the problems that you have encountered in purchasing inventories? 12. What are the problems that you have  encountered in storing and organizing inventories? 13. What are the problems that you have encountered in securing your inventories? 14. What are the problems that you have encountered in selling your inventories? 15. How did you resolve these problems?

The Role Of Civil Society In Maintaining Democracy

The Role Of Civil Society In Maintaining Democracy The role of civil society and the media in modern day democratic governance is of utmost importance since they ensure the proper functioning of government while respecting the main pillars of democracy. This contribution is demonstrated best when one compares democratic governance in European countries with the situation in authoritarian regimes. It is very often the case that although there is a struggle towards the implementation and respect of democratic principles, they are still very far away from their proper application. Introduction First, I will define what civil society is since this will help us understand better its role in democratic governance. Then, I will outline how the respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and political participation aid and strengthen democratic governance. In examining these areas, I will demonstrate how the media and civil society play a crucial role in doing so. All of this will be established through the comparison between democratic countries, and less democratic or authoritarian regimes. Before one delves into outlining the role of civil society and the media in democratic governance, one must define civil society. According to Els van Enckevort  [1]  , Civil society is made up by very different organisations, networks and associations. From football clubs to debate groups, from womens networks to labour unions, from book clubs to political parties) and from environmental lobby groups to religious groups. Although some organisations will have a much clearer influence on political processes and democratisation than others, all are included in the civil society and all do have some influence on democratisation. Furthermore, according to Jo Leinen, a German Member of the European Parliament, stated in Civil Society and Conflict Resolution  [2]  , a contribution by the speakers of the conference held on 20th September 2007, that If you want to secure democracy, rule of law, human rights and peace you cannot rely only on governmental institutions or political part ies. You need a citizens movement. You need a strong debate between state institutions and civil society. One must also point out that the Treaty of Lisbon, which came into force in December 2009, mentions that The institutions (of the EU) shall maintain an open, transparent and regular dialogue with representative associations and civil society. Thus, one can argue that democratic governance rests on several pillars. In this essay I will focus on the respect for and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms; the embracing of a pluralistic system; the integration of minorities in all levels of government and society and the promotion of a wide scope of political participation. As will be demonstrated, the achievement of these pillars can be facilitated by the working of an active civil society and effective media. Respect and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Human rights can be referred to as those basic rights and freedoms to which every human being is entitled to. Very often it is left in the hands of the organs of the state to ensure the protection of such rights. However, civil society and the media too play a role in demonstrating the importance of the protection of these rights. The latter are sometimes considered to be watch-dogs and struggle to ensure the adherence to these rights. The constant violation of human rights can be blamed on the facts that such actions remain undisclosed. This is where the media comes in. Its role is to expose such violations and make the public aware of such violations. It is only after the public is shown what is the outcome of such violations that awareness can be created. Furthermore, civil society must emphasise that education about human rights is increased as much as possible. In Malta, for instance, the People for Change Foundation, an NGO, works towards the achievement of a just, fair and inc lusive society all members of which may reach their full potential unhindered by factors such as age, race, sex, religion etc. Furthermore, it promotes social cohesion, and respect for Human Rights. One of the main reasons why civil society is of utmost importance is because it upholds certain values which strengthens the same civil society, and hence the democratic governance. It should thus work towards the upholding of human rights standards, and such value will permeate all levels of society. Since civil society organisation tend to focus on particular minor groups, voice their interests and work towards the clearing up of misconceptions and misunderstandings, and overcoming mistrust and fear. Such organisations are to aid governments to promote, as much as possible, dialogue between people hailing from various backgrounds and ethnicities. According to the CIVICUS Civil Society Index (CSI)  [3]  project, a comprehensive study on civil society in Turkey, it can be argued that civil society is a crucial agent towards positive social change. Turkish civil society groups are not only providing services to disadvantaged and minority groups, but they also take active positions on several matters. The most remarkable efforts are in the alia of human rights where civil society organisations are making a lot of effort on expanding civic liberties. It is believed that when a particular government closes a geographical region to journalists there is the violation of human rights in that region. Chechnya, North Korea and Eritrea, amongst others, have all been closed in the past. In 2007, Human Rights Watch, an INGO, issued a report stating that the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua were closed to outside human rights observers, and that there was the commission of violations of human rights. The Human Rights Watch stated that there was little understanding of what was taking places in these regions since there wasnt much independent reporting on the area. The INGO went on to call the Indonesian government to open this region to independent observers so as to increase the amount and quality of information about the conditions there, and to allow independent and transparent reporting. Furthermore, the Russian NGO, Memorial, winner of the 2009 Sakharov Prize  [4]  also strives to promote the truth about violations of human rights in Russia, and former USSR states in order to ensure their democratic future. Freedom of Speech and Expression One of the most important functions of democratic governance is that decision-making at all levels is preceded by discussion and consideration of a range of views. A decision made after adequate consultation is likely to be a better decision than that which is taken after little or no consultation since the former mirrors the opinions, interests and needs of those concerned. This expression of opinions can be represented in the form of freedom of speech, and it is important in all levels of society. Without free speech, no political action is possible and no resistance to injustice or oppression is possible, and elections would have no meaning at all. Policies of political contestants become known to the public and become responsive to public opinion only if transmitted by the media by virtue of free speech. Furthermore, by virtue of Article 119 of the Constitution of Malta, the Broadcasting Authority is to ensure that broadcasting and television services preserve due impartiality in respect of matters of political or industrial controversy or relating to public policy, and that persons belonging to the different political parties are allocated a fair proportion of broadcasting time. Thus freedom of speech can be deemed to be the sine qua non of a democratic society. I believe that freedom of expression is designed to develop personal self-fulfilment; it is an essential process for the advancement of knowledge and discovery of truth; and it can be deemed to be a method of achieving necessary social change without resorting to violence. The importance of freedom of expression is outlined in Article 41 of the Constitution of Malta which states that: Except with his own consent or by way of parental discipline, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, including freedom to hold opinions without interference, freedom to receive ideas and information without interference, freedom to communicate ideas and information without interference (whether the communication be to the public generally or to any person or class of persons) and freedom from interference with his correspondence. Similarly, the Constitution of Jordan guarantees freedom of opinion and speech, in addition to freedom of the press and media, but all within the limits of the law. However, in practice there are significant restrictions in place restricting the free operation of the media. Any criticism of the king or the royal family is prohibited, as well as anything which is deemed to harm the states reputation and dignity. The government has used tactics such as fines, prosecution, and detention to intimidate journalist. Furthermore, while press freedom has progressed quite a lot in Jordan in recent years, the very complex legislation of the state, and the lack of awareness of the law very often means that journalist fall foul of the system. Nidal Mansor, president of the Centre for Defending the Freedom of Journalists (CDFJ), stated that The media is the cornerstone of reform and democracy, and so in 2002, with the help of the EU, the CDFJ set up a media legal aid unit which not only offers fre e legal representation for journalists, but also carries out advocacy work in Jordan and neighbouring countries to try to improve the existing laws concerning the press. While increased media freedom has been praised in Egyptian political life over the past decade, in last Novembers elections several negative factors surfaced. Pre-election time was characterised by the restriction of the liberty to discuss politics and this, as a result, slowed down the spreading of political information. They did not allow the opposition from using the media and made sure that critics are silenced. Freedom of Association and Assembly Article 42 of the Constitution of Malta states that no person is to be hindered in his enjoyment of freedom of peaceful assembly and association, thus they are to be able to hold demonstrations and meetings. The right to form associations with others comprises the right to join band clubs, political parties and trade unions amongst others. Thus, this can be seen as the basis of the formation of civil society. One must point out that the Maltese Constitution lays down that it shall be unlawful, to establish, maintain or belong to any association of persons who are organised and trained or equipped for the purpose of enabling them to be used for the display of physical force for a political object. It is recognized as one of the foundations of a functioning democracy, and its protection is crucial for creating a tolerant society in which groups holding different beliefs, practices, or policies can coexist peacefully. The Human Rights House Foundation, an INGO, deplored the fact that in Belarus people are deprived of expressing their dissent peacefully, and further condemned the use of force and violence against the peaceful demonstrators carried out on February 14th and 16th in 2009 in Minsk. Although the organisers applied for permission to hold these demonstrations, their application was turned down. In the latter peaceful rally held in solidarity with political prisoners, was also brutally disbanded. Ten minutes after people had gathered, dozens of riot policemen attacked the participants of the rally. Freedom of Press In more than half the worlds countries, banning, confiscation and censorship of publications are everyday occurrences. Even today, millions of men and women live under governments which restrict their right to know and express their opinions. The number of journalists, who go to jail for criticizing governments, or for simply expressing concern of any kind, is still high. As democracy is founded on an informed and active citizenry, citizens have the right and responsibility to participate in public affairs. Effective participation requires knowledge and wisdom. Citizens get their knowledge through media, and through discussions with others. The media provide forums through which individuals and groups express their opinions. As governmental watchdogs, the press and civil society organisations keep citizens informed of governmental events and actions. It is also important that people are not subjected to just one perspective of thing, but they are to be enabled to make comparisons, re ach conclusions and form opinions. The job of a free press is to keep an eye on the government, to make sure it stays honest and responsive to the people of the country. A free press also has an important role in government since it has an increasingly influential impact on public policy, governmental decisions and popular attitudes. Section 2 of the Spanish constitution provides, amongst other, for freedom of speech and of the press. Together, the Spanish independent press, the judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system ensure freedom of speech and of the press. Individuals are allowed to criticize the government publicly or privately, without fear of punishment, and the government does not hinder such criticism. The independent media in this country is very active and generally expresses a myriad of views without restriction. On the other hand, there is no current independent media in Eritrea, and all forms of media are Government sources. Eritrea has among the highest number of jailed journalists in the world. In 2001, in an effort to suppress increasing opposition about the future of the Peoples Front for Democracy and Justice, the government closed down eight independent newspapers and arrested a number of journalists. Eritreas press freedom is deemed to be the lowest in the world. Similarly, Jordanian radio and television are considered to be more restricted in their freedoms than the press. In general, people are allowed to access the internet freely, and such access in unrestricted; however, there were reports that the government investigated some website which were highly critical. Political participation and Elections David Friedrick  [5]  states that the participation of an organised civil society in governance arrangements at European and international level is enhancing democratic qualities, and goes further into saying that having a regulated model of participation would strengthen the democratic quality of civil society participation. It can be said that anything which restricts the scope of public participation not only weakens a countrys democratic foundations but also has the immediate effect of limiting debate over its development priorities. Furthermore, political participation is essential for realizing the basic values and objectives that minorities have. Elections constitute an essential feature of democratic governance. Through elections, people choose their representatives. Furthermore, political parties occupy a central place in the political process in modern democracies since these parties are deemed to be intermediaries between society and state. In order to guarantee the involvement of minorities in political parties, it is important to ascertain that the basic human right of freedom of association is fully respected. Recently, a Bosnian Jew and an ethnic Roma have challenged discriminatory provisions within Bosnias Constitution and electoral laws. In a case before the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) on 22 December 2009, the Court found certain provisions of the Bosnian Constitution and electoral laws to discriminate against minorities in failing to allow its citizens who are not Constituent Peoples to stand for election to the Presidency. The UN-INSTRAW/CAWTAR  [6]  project Womens Political Participation in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco, demonstrates how the media can play a crucial role in the promotion of women ´s political participation in this region. In these countries, womens political participation has been increased during the last years, mainly due to increased access to education and the integration of women in the labour market. However, women are still highly underrepresented in the political field, as well as in the legal and institutional areas. Even during the elections in Algeria and Morocco in recent years, female candidates were only given limited coverage. This is to be distinguished from the situation in Spain, where in 2004, there were 125 women in the 350 seat Congress of Deputies, and 61 women in the 259 seat Senate; and the 64 women in the 169-seat parliament, and seven women among the nineteen in the Supreme Court in Norway. In these two countries, one can see how womens political partici pation is much higher when compared to Arab countries. Conclusion Thus one can conclude that the basic roles of civil society and the media in democratic systems of governance are of utmost importance, and one can say that their main scope is to limit and control the power of the state, to raise public concern, to promote political participation, to develop values of democratic life, and to express diverse interests. It is only when the media and civil society, work hand in hand with the government that democratic governance is strengthened.

Hooligans Essay -- Hooliganism Football Sports Athletics Essays

Hooligans â€Å"Hundreds of English fans have been departed from Belgium after scenes of mass violence in Belgian cities and football authorities have threatened to expel the English team from the competition if there is another outbreak of the English Disease† This was an article dated 20 June 2000 written by an English journalist. It is obvious from this article that world is facing a great problem nowadays. Actually it would be wrong to use the term ‘nowadays’ because the ‘English Disease’ namely hooliganism have been a problem for many centuries. There are many things to say on hooliganism but first it would be better to start with its definition. Hooliganism doesn’t have a standard definition. But it can be defined as destruction of properties or injury to persons, sometimes involving theft, whether by a gang or a small group of young people. Hooliganism is characterised as a lack of self-control, love of malicious mischief and idleness passing into dishonest and crime. Hooligans are usually made up of boys and young men, aged between 15 and 25 and their main targets are other groups, who only differ from them in their being composed of fans of another football team. And another interesting fact about hooligans is that they consider themselves to be true fans: they support the team for better or worse, they create the highly praised ‘atmosphere’ inside stadiums. Their main interest does not seem much to see brilliant football but to see their team win. As I mentioned in the beginning football hooliganism is known as the ‘English Disease’ but it has been a problem throughout Europe especially in Germany, Holland, Italy and Belgium as well as in the UK. Also Greece, Czech Republic, Denmark, Austria and Turkey witnessed these disturbances in football matches. There are a lot of work done all around the world to avoid the harm hooligans give to the environment and themselves. European Parliament and the National Parliaments of the European Union made effort to avoid the violence throughout Europe. European Council issued a report on hooliganism September 1999 and tried to take further steps on this problem. After all the work done by various sociologists and initiatives of the European Institutions still it is difficult to observe decline in violence in European Stadiums. To make it clear that World is suffering enough from hooliganism for many years... ...cisive measures like banning Britain from football games. I want to end my essay with an article written by Graham L. Jones in 26.06.2000. This article will be helpful in making a summary of the works about hooliganism. ‘The time for talk is over: Ban the Brits! Don’t wait another minute. Forget the possible quarterfinal game. Send Britain from Euro 2000 back to home. Yes, it’s my own country I’m talking about. And yes, it’s the team and players that I want to see pay the price for the absolute ineffectiveness of English Government and English judiciary doing nothing about hooliganism’ Bibliography HOLT R. 1989.Sport and the British. Oxford: Oxford University Press KERR H. 1994.Understanding Soccer Hooliganism. Buckingam: Open University Press TAYLOR R. 1992.Football and its Fans. Leicester: Leicester Universty Press Resources from Internet noviolence.com/archives dailynews.yahoo.com-22.06.2000 bbc.com- Hooliganism made in England but big abroad-26.02.1998 titonet.com/hooligans thesportjournal.com- A developmental view of soccer hooliganism by A.J Harley intorminc.co.uk- Hooliganism-a political football eserver.org- Playing for England by Paul Smith

Management and Leadership: Military Essay

Introduction Though popular consensus is that management and leadership are interchangeable terms with the same purpose and meaning nothing could be further from the truth. Management can be defined as influencing one or more person’s actions and activities through planning, organizing, leading, controlling and guiding toward accomplishing set goals or objectives. Leadership can be defined as effectively influencing and directing others in a manner that encourages obedience, confidence and loyal team support in accomplishing organizational goals. From these two definitions one might have a subtle hint as to how management and leadership differ. The purpose of this paper is to differentiate between managerial and leadership positions within military organizations, describe the roles that military managers and leaders play in creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture, and explain how the four functions of management support the creation and maintenance of a healthy organizational culture within military organizations. The final discussion will include two recommendations to create and maintain a healthy  organizational culture. Leadership and Management Just as the definitions suggest a distinct deference between management and leadership all military organizations have distinctive positions for management and leadership purposes. Military organizations use a designated ranking structure for the purpose of immediate distinction between management and leadership. Leadership personnel hold the title of officer in all branches of military service. Management personnel hold the title of noncommissioned officer (NCO). While officers are immediately recruited and appointed into the leadership position NCO’s have to earn their title and managerial position in the course of progression through the ranks from private to NCO. Though these two positions differ on many levels each is equally important to military organizational culture. â€Å"A leader is anyone who by virtue of assumed role or assigned responsibility inspires and influences people to accomplish organizational goals† (FM 6-22, 2006). Therefore, an officer’s (leaders) main focus is to motivate soldiers both inside and outside of their immediate chain of command to pursue actions, focus thinking, and shape decisions for the greater good of the organization (FM 6-22, 2006). Officers influence military personnel by setting a personal example (leading by example) on and off duty hours. Officer’s actions have a direct correlation to the amount of influence they will have in conveying purpose and vision, providing direction and motivating others. Being able to convey purpose and vision is important for officers’ to give subordinates the reason to take the necessary steps needed to accomplish missions. Open communication is essential in providing clear direction on how subordinates will go about accomplishing the mission. In order to provide clear direction officers are responsible for prioritizing mission tasks, assigning responsibilities and confirming that subordinates understand all directives given. Motivation is the key to encouraging subordinates to do whatever is necessary to accomplish the mission. An officers’ role in motivation is to understand or get to know as much as  possible about the needs, capabilities or limitations of his or her subordinates to determine what motivates who and personally praise or encourage when necessary. The process of getting subordinates to do whatever is necessary to accomplish the mission falls to the NCO (managers). According to Army Regulation 5-1 (2002) â€Å"management is linked with leadership, just as doctrine, systems, processes, facilities and equipment are connected with the people who use them.† Therefore, NCO’s have the authority to make decisions based on the needs of set missions in accordance with organizational policies. The NCO’s main focus is on daily operations, and immediate subordinate’s actions toward accomplishing set tasks in order to fulfill missions. The NCO’s mission is to provide instruction and supervision over subordinates to ensure tasks are being performed effectively, efficiently and in a timely manner. NCO’s implement the four functions of management in every mission presented. Planning is used to determine a working strategy to accomplish each mission assigned to the division. NCO’s will use organizing to determine how to break down missions into smaller tasks that can be performed over time. Once tasks and timelines have been determined human resources (available manpower) is evaluated according to knowledge and experience to determine who will be most effective on which task then tasks are assigned to individuals or teams. Once teams are assigned work commences and leading begins. NCO’s are responsible for overseeing each team’s daily progress, making on the spot corrections, giving additional instruction, motivating and directing each team to ensure that all projects are going according to schedule and all workers are performing effectively and efficiently toward achieving set goals. When issues arise NCO’s are responsible for controlling situations through risk management, bringing subordinates back on track, on the spot training, enforcing organizational rules and regulations and so forth. Types of controls that are used in any given situation will vary depending on an individual’s leadership or management style. Though leadership and management styles vary depending on individual  preference three specific styles stand out with both officers and NCO’s in military organizations: (1) autocratic, (2) participative and (3) delegating. Bateman and Snell (2007) describe each of these strategies as: Autocratic: leaders and or managers make decisions about what needs to be done at their own discretion then tell subordinates what to do and how they want it done. Participative: leaders and or managers will involve one or more subordinates in the decision making process on specific task planning and organizing. Delegating: leaders or managers will delegate authority to capable subordinates allowing them to make decisions for specific tasks while the leader or manager will still take full responsibility for any decision that was made through delegation. Each style is effective in its own right and in specific circumstances. Officers and NCO’s who use all three styles at different times are more effective than those who just stick to one. Organizational Culture Organizational culture is the basic nature or overall actions and conduct of an organization based on shared values and goals. In order to have a fuller understanding of military organizational culture one would need to grasp military organizational structure. Military organizations use a hierarchical divisional organizational structure. Bateman and Snell (2007) describe a divisional organization structure as â€Å"departmentalization that groups units around products, customers, or geographic regions.† Military divisional organizational structure is based around geographic regions. See Chart 1 for a visual break down of basic military organizational structure. DIVISIONAL ORGANIZATION: BASIC MILITARY ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Chart 1: Divisional Organization: Basic Military Organizational Structure. Notice that the basic structure consists of Officers; NCO’s and subordinates (enlisted soldiers). From the battalion level down to platoons each leader is accompanied by a manager. Information goes down the chain of command while requests go up the chain of command. Military culture is based on strict adherence to the chain of command and company policies i.e. subordinates would have to go through the squad leader and the platoon sergeant to speak to the first sergeant and so forth up the chain. Basic military organizational structure and culture is learned in _basic training_ (boot camp) where new recruits, both officers and enlisted personnel, undergo rigorous physical, mental and emotional training to establish military values and team building experience. Graduates are then separated and sent to _advance individual training_ (AIT) schools to learn specific trade skills. Through shared experiences from basic training new team building experiences develop. Again, graduates are separated and assigned to units based on their field of training. Shared experiences are the foundation for unit cohesiveness among all military personnel. While common experiences may vary they open the path for shared ideas, values, responsibility and perceptions of military uniformity to military organizational culture that guides all military personnel toward achieving common personal and organizational goals throughout their career. Though troops and their families are uprooted and moved from post to post at the needs of the military, sometimes at a moments notice, shared experiences and personal and professional commitment to military values and mission preserve the military organizational culture. Military organizational culture is more than a commitment. Military organizational culture is a way of life for all who dedicate their lives to honor and defend this nation against all enemies, foreign and domestic. Recommendations Military organizational culture is a culture that has stood the test of time decade after decade. Retired war heroes and new recruits all have one thing  in common. Each has a _common bond_ through shared experiences, dedication to military values, mission, ethics, code of conduct and so forth. Young or old, each has dedicated themselves to something bigger than themselves and committed their lives to honor and defend this nation’s freedom at all cost. While military culture has been mocked and scorned by many over the years, much can be learned from such a strong organizational culture. Many failing organizations in today’s challenging business environment would do well to incorporate some of the standards of military organizational culture into their own business. Having _strong core values_ in place is the basis for creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture. Military organizational culture consists of strong core values such as: â€Å"loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity and courage† (U.S. Army web site, 2008). While some of these values could be considered strictly military oriented all organizations could agree that loyalty, duty, honor and integrity could be considered universal. More companies could and should integrate these types of core values into their mission and values statements to help create and maintain a more healthy organizational culture. Having a _code of conduct_ in place establishes guidelines for acceptable employee behavior which helps create and maintain a healthy organizational culture. Military organizations have established a strong code of conduct which describes separate and military distinctive areas of specific conduct becoming of service members. While the truth is that the military code of conduct is not applicable to civilian organizations all organizations could agree that specific behaviors do exist that are expected of all people within specialized organizations. Therefore, organizations could and should come up with a written policy explaining specific behaviors and actions that are acceptable and expected of all employees. Organizations may even have separate codes of conduct expectations for managers versus employees. The point here is to have an established and acceptable pattern of behavior for all employees to follow in order help maintain an overall healthy organizational culture. Conclusion From the research presented one can conclude that distinct differences between leaders and managers do exist. Leaders mainly focus on inspiring and motivating individuals toward accomplishing set goals. Managers mainly focus on motivating individuals through planning, organizing, leading and controlling functions of management. Based on these descriptions the main difference between management and leadership would be the method used to motivate individuals to accomplish goals. Though organizational structures may differ from one organization to the next organizational structure does help set the foundation for organizational culture. Organizational culture sets the tone for organizational success through shared experiences, values, beliefs and behaviors. Though many theories exist for creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture each organization must come up with standards i.e. core values, code of ethics and so on that are unique and attainable to that particular organization based on specific needs i.e. values, mission and purpose. References Army Regulation 5-1. (2002). Management: Total Army Quality Management. Retrieved July 11, 2008, from http://www.hqda.army.mil/leadingchange/Army%20Policies/r5-1.pdf Bateman T., and Snell S., (2007), Management: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World (7th Ed.), McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, NY. FM 6-22. (2006). Army Leadership: Competent, Confident, and Agile. Retrieved July 10, 2008 http://usacac.army.mil/cac/cal/FM6_22.pdf U.S. Army web site. (2008). U.S. Army: Training and Doctrine Command. Retrieved July 15, 2008, from http://www.tradoc.army.mil/

Caribbean Culture

Caribbean Culture Assignment Write an essay supporting the following arguments. Essay 1: The emergence of culture in the Caribbean. ?Culture is often hard to objectively define in a study, but can be simplified as the body of people's expressions, values, meanings and artifacts that anchor peoples' identity. Caribbean culture is identifiably linked to the approaches to survival taken by her peoples. Discuss this statement critically. Essay 2: The intellectual contribution of the Caribbean. Education has forever been a priority for the Caribbean region.From the mass of the Caribbean population have come some of the world's best minds, creative intellect and imagination. The common heritage of a history rooted in exploitation and the struggle for freedom and independence have formed the foundation of an extraordinary commitment to education on the part of Caribbean societies over the years. While some may argue that the quality of education in the region is on the decline there is no d oubt that Caribbean societies continue to maintain education as one of their highest priorities. Discuss this statement critically.Essay 3: ? Caribbean Integration It will be recalled that the Caribbean islands were among the first areas to be impacted by early globalization, in the form of European maritime expansion. The initial result was the extermination of the majority of the indigenous population. There followed mercantilism, slavery and the plantation system, and centuries of rivalry and wars among the major colonial powers. This left a legacy of political and linguistic fragmentation that constitutes the main obstacle to regional integration. Discuss this statement critically.

Lorita Utagba Essays (1369 words) - Guggenheim Fellows, Free Essays

Lorita Utagba Essays (1369 words) - Guggenheim Fellows, Free Essays Lorita Utagba English 1100 Writing project 4 rough draft December 3 , 2016 . Fierce Attachment Do I have your attention yet? As a youth, I have always wanted to do want I want in life, I never want to be controlled by my mother that is why I have been having difficulty relationship with my mother. Vivian Gornick is an American critic, journalist with a dazzling skill. She is among the wonderful writers who write about her life. A lot of people are interested in Vivian Gornick because she writes about experiences in life. Vivian Gornick story have made me realize that there is no child that doesn't have misunderstanding with his/her parents. Her story reminds me of how I have been on and off with my mother because we had difficult relationship. Vivian Gornick was born 14 June 1935 in the Bronx, New York is an American critic, journalist, essayist, and memoirist. She was a reporter for the village voice from 1969 to 1977. Her work has also appeared in the New York times , the Nation, the Atlantic monthly, and many other publications. She has published eleven books. Vivian Gornick has written about herself in marriage , friendship as a daughter. As a woman living alone in New York. She has always had difficulty with writing. She describes her struggles and her families in love and work with such calm candor (truthfulness). There is nothing about her she is afraid to see. Vivian Gornick memoirs include fierce attachment (1987 ). Fierce attachment is about her childhood in the Bronx and lifelong antagonism with her mother. Vivian Gornick self-narrative is a form of cultural criticism. Gornick use her own experience and her willingness to write life experiences to tell a larger social story has become the hallmark of her writing. While she acknowledges her Jewish background in much of her work. What led Vivian Gornick into writing was how she saw the relations between men and women were changing fast, so she registered those changes around her and wrote it in her own reading for people to read and understand what are articles is all about, Vivian Gornick was the finalist for the National book critics circle awards. Vivian Gornick writes in the odd woman and the city, a non-fiction hybrid that is part memoir, part cultural criticism. Gornick's New York city , where she lives and writes and belongs. Her articles " fierce attachment " which is parts of her books. Vivian Gornick tells the story of her lifelong battle with her mother for independence. Vivian Gornick was born and raised in the Bronx, the daughter of "urban peasants" Gornick grows up in a household dominated by her intelligent but her mother's romantic depression over the early death of her husband. There was a lady who lives next door, she was an attractive widow whose calculating sensuality appeals greatly to Vivian. Gornick walks with her aged mother through the streets of New York, arguing and remembering the past each wins the reader's admiration. Fierce attachment is one of the most remarkable documents of family feeling that has been written, a classic that helped start the memoir boom and remains one of the most moving examples of the genre. Vivian Gornick relationship with her mother is difficult. At the age of forty-five she regularly meets her mother for strolls along the streets of Manhattan. Her mother knew her daughter hates her because she believes Gornick has been tracking her lifelong struggle for independence. Vivian Gornick has taught creative writing for decades and the repository of her experience. Vivian Gornick story always essentially reflect to her personal experience. She always analyzes the writer's lives and sees their essays as much as possible. Vivian Gornick essay fierce attachment is considered a classic. When it was published in 1987. The New York time called fierce attachment a "fine and unflinchingly honest book". Gornick subsequently published a well-regarded guide to writing personal narratives. In my own opinion, in this book, Gornick narrates the series of walks she takes through the streets of New York with her eighty-year-old mother. Doing so allows her to reflect upon and detail her past. At that time, she

The Great Gatsby Dreams Essays - The Great Gatsby, Daisy Buchanan

The Great Gatsby Dreams Essays - The Great Gatsby, Daisy Buchanan The Great Gatsby Dreams The Great Gatsby Dreams The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a novel about the American Dream. In the Great Gatsby, the dream is that one can acquire happiness through wealth and power. To get his happiness Jay attempts to reacquire the love of his lost sweet heart, Daisy. The main problem with Jays dream is that Daisy is all ready married. Gatsby's personal dream symbolizes the larger American Dream The pursuit of happiness. Jay Gatsby longs for the past. Surprisingly he devotes his adult life trying to recapture it and dies in its pursuit. In the past, Jay had a love affair with a young rich girl, Daisy. Daisy and Jay had fallen in love with each other in spite of knowing that they could not marry because of the difference in their social status. For the first time in Jays life he was truly happy. During their courtship, Jay was sent off to war. Upon returning from the war, Jay found out that Daisy had married a wealthy man by the name of Tom Buchannon. Jay then spends his life acquiring wealth to reach her economic standards, in hope that he can marry her and rekindle the happiness that he once had. His love for Daisy was impossible in society because he was at present a penniless young man without a pasthe had no comfortable family standing behind him (156). Gatsby encounters his dream of love at this point of his life. He knew that at that time a relationship of love was impossible with Daisy due to his low social standing. Gatsby became determined to breach that gap between them in order to have a loving relationship with Daisy. He did reach the physical circumstances necessary to love her, but he had focused too much on money and power the previous five years of his life. He wanted his love with Daisy to flourish. Unfortunately, he had lost the ability to love. He no longer possessed moral integrity or the ability to handle a relationship. Society is often broken up into different social groups by their economic status. Those of lower classes believe that their problems will go away if they can gain enough wealth to reach the upper class. Many people believe that the American Dream is this joining of the upper class, and once reaching that point, not having to be concerned about money at all. The logic behind this is that being poor keeps people from being happy, and once you become rich, you do not have to struggle with the problems of life, and can therefore be happy. The Great Gatsby takes this belief, and shows its flaws through the lives of Jay, Tom and Daisy. In fact, all of the characters in the story are affected in some way by the lives of these three characters. Gatsby makes becoming an upper class citizen his priority. The life of the upper class in turn, makes the acquisition of wealth their priority. Wealth becomes Jays vehicle in his quest for his primary goal, Daisy. In Gatsby's rise to power morality is sacrificed in order to attain wealth. While the story does not go into great detail as to how Gatsbys wealth was accumulated, it can easily be seen that his business ventures were shady at best. Gatsby's dream was doomed to failure because of his lack of principles. This shows a major flaw of the American Dream philosophy, just like the get rich quick schemes of today, Jay is trying to buy Daisys love, not earn it. Nick attempts to tell Jay that his dream is pointless by saying that the past cannot be relived. Jay quickly told Nick, Yes you can, old sport. This shows the confidence that Jay has in fulfilling his American Dream, and his commitment to it. Tom Buchanan, Daisys husband, was a man from an enormously wealthy family. Nick, described Tom's physical attributes as having a hard mouth and a supercilious mannerarrogant eyes had established dominance over his facealways leaning aggressively forwarda cruel bodyhis speaking voiceadded to the impression of fractiousness he conveyed (11). The wealth Tom has inherited causes him to become arrogant and condescending to others. Tom believed that

Choose a book that includes a person with a recognisable psychological Essay

Choose a book that includes a person with a recognisable psychological difficulty (schizophrenia). How can we understand the experience of the character that you have chosen Provide a critical discussion - Essay Example The author is a research psychiatrist specifying in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. He is a professor of psychiatry at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Maryland (Torrey, 2006). The male patient exhibited symptoms of schizophrenia with a first incident of psychosis that was difficult for the individual to manage. It also presented significant difficulties to the patient’s family as his behavior was highly unpredictable, changing within a relatively short time span. In some instances, the patient would develop anxiety and anger with every person around him. In the family member’s view, the individual looked confused and apprehensive of family members and friends who are well known to him without any justified reason. The major problem was that it was difficult to convince the person to seek the help of a physician since he did not think that he had a mental health problem. As the problem escalated, the individual continued to develop negative symptoms that deviated from the normal functioning of a healthy person’s mind. He appeared unresponsive to the surrounding nonchalant and apathetic (Torrey, 2006). The first severe episode of psychosis was followed by reduced symptoms that were not easily noticeable. However, the person continued to be socially withdrawn and also began losing awareness of personal hygiene, which kept away friends and many of his relatives. The person lost interest in communal activities in the society and also lacked motivation in life. His lack of interest in family affairs including matrimonial issues broke up his two-year marriage. He could not concentrate on important aspects concerning the living environment and could easily be run over by vehicles as he did not reflect on any potential danger while crossing the road. At times the person would not leave the house and also extended his sleep in an unusual manner. He could

Event Study Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Event Study - Statistics Project Example With this in mind, an event study is considered the measure of impact of an event on a security value (MacKinlay, 1993). Considering the components of an asset cost, an event study further explores the availability and access of information and the immediacy of impounding such info onto prices. Events are characterised by variables such as short-horizon event studies that consider limited period, habitually hours to weeks and particular to the event at hand. Short-run events yield small returns and facilitate time to focus on information being released. Long-horizon event studies are problematic in that they are sensitive to the modeling assumption of the desired returns. The basic setup for an event study involves the identification of an event and the window, selection of a security, specifying and estimating the reference model characterizing the normal returns (expected returns). However, in order to estimate accurately whether illiquid premiums exist, the characters of liquid premiums must be established first. Thus, in order to test whether illiquid premiums exist, this paper aims at answering the research question, do stocks with higher illiquidity earn higher returns?, by the analysis of two events involving bond buyers? The paper analyzes the factors that affect s ecurity markets and identifies conditions that promote illiquidity premiums. Considering the theory on illiquid discounts, the risk-return model, and empirical study, illiquid discount should increase with increasing trading costs; illiquidity will increase when the market is down, and assets considered less liquid have historically had higher returns (Debondt & Thaler, 1985). Considering the fair market value of a security, a premium that investors will demand only when it can easily be converted into cash is referred as liquidity premium. When the liquid premium is considered too high, then the asset is

Information Systems Basics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Systems Basics - Essay Example et of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, store, and disseminate data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.† (Stair and Reynolds, 2011). That is, using IS, organizations and its employees can store as well as analyze the organizational data for the key purpose of organizational functioning as well as critical management decisions. As mentioned above, as part of IS, various departments of the organization will use number of IT related products from computers, servers, internet, softwares and so on, to carry out the organizational tasks. â€Å"Today, information systems are used for business processes from communication to order processing to number crunching and in business functions ranging from marketing to human resources.† (Stair and Reynolds, 2011). Globalization is a phenomenon that has changed the world in various aspects, from cultural aspects to business aspects. Speaking of business aspects, globalization has broken down the invisible barriers between the countries and by â€Å"riding† on technology has and is still creating business opportunities for organizations. That is, due to globalization and the resultant immense opportunities, organizations are entering newer countries or markets in a more optimum manner. While entering and after entering, these organizations maximally utilize Information Systems (IS) for virtually managing the organization. (IS (information system or information services), n. d). From emails to video conferencing, cloud computing and so on, organizations are maximally utilizing IS. In addition, organizations depend on internet and web to carry out various processes. All these incorporation of IS into organizational functioning due to globalization and the resultant entry into newer markets has been transforming the traditional businesses into digital businesses. â€Å"Organizations are trying to become more competitive and efficient by digitally enabling their core business processes

Frito Lay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Frito Lay - Essay Example Some of the features of the sales job that made it appropriate for a results based approach to job performance are that the number of sales that the employees make determines the amount of profits that the company will make. Secondly is that the payment mode of the job is on a commission basis depending on the number of sales that an individual makes. 2. One of the advantages that accrue to Frito Lay in defining the performance of its route sales employees in terms of its behaviour is that it is able to concentrate on areas that will increase the sales depending on the route. However, a major disadvantage of this method in defining behaviour is that it makes it difficult to shift employees from one route to another due to the different behaviours that are required to make sale. In order to address these issues, a commission pay system should be modified to include a system of payment that is dependent on the timeliness of arrival for the high-volume route employees and the ability of low-volume route employees to negotiate for the ideal shelf space. 3. Frito Lay emphasized on behaviour of the route employees in its research to increase its sales, however there are other dimensions that are equally important, such as the different abilities and educational levels of the employees, as they will determine how effectively they will be able to handle their duties. Overlooking these aspects of performance is bound to make the route employees unable to meet their targets, which lead to low pay, and the company will record low profits. Indonesia- Asia stumbling giant 1. The poor economic performance that has been experienced in Indonesia has been because of political and economic factors. Some of the political factors that contributed to the poor economic performance include the rule of Dictator Suharto that left the country with huge debts to pay, in addition, the levels of corruption and lack of political goodwill has led to the stagnation of the economy. The economi c factors that have contributed to the poor economic performance include the reduction in foreign direct investments, the bureaucratic process that takes up to 151 days in order for a person to get a license to operate a business have also contributed to the low economic performance of Indonesia (Lewis, 91). These two factors are related since the political class, who have embezzled public funds and failed to formulate policies to spur economic growth has created the poor economic environment in the country. 2. Some of the reasons that might have led to foreign firms leaving Indonesia in the early 2000’s include the corruption levels in the country and bureaucratic processes; this meant a decline in GDP since there was no revenue generated by the firms any more. In order to reverse this trend, the levels of corruption and bureaucratic processes should be addressed. 3. Corruption in Indonesia is a challenge since the political class lack the goodwill to eradicate it, as they a re also involved, this has made foreign investors shy away from investing in the country. 4. A major risk that foreign firms in Indonesia face is jailing of their employees or their operation licenses not being renewed due to failure to give bribes to the authorities. To reduce these risks, these firms should lobby the government to create a favourable business environment for foreign firms. Japan’s economic malaise 1. The Japanese economy has stagnated because after the economic depression that the country faced, the country has been unable to spur economic growth again despite the government efforts. 2. The downward trend in the Japanese economy

Leadership and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership and Management - Essay Example ader will show the way by introducing and solidifying processes and systems that ensure that organisational synergy is expended in a manner efficient enough to catalyse maximum production and attainment of organisational goals. In the absence of unfocused leadership, management strategies also become confused or ineffective. This is because it takes sound leadership to introduce and buttress sound policies and organisational practices which promote efficiency, professionalism and healthy personnel welfare. The converse is also true that sound management policies also capture, retain and nurture essential talents and skills by following the principles of sustainable talent management, for instance (Nienaber, 690-1). According to Patti, both personal and professional skills are essential for effective management. Personal skills produce sound judgement and are expended as professional skills. Though punctuality, honesty and seriousness are personal skills, a time conscious and manager is bound to inject punctuality, integrity and professionalism in his management style of running certain or all organisational processes that are under him. So integral is personal and professional skills to effective management that professional skills and effective management cannot exist in the absence of personal skills. This is because virtue and values have to start at personal level before they become organisational values. A manager who lacks personal skills or values cannot inject them into the life and processes of his organisation simply because one cannot transmit what he does not have (Patti, et al, 263). Leadership style impacts effective management and organisational objectives since values that help in the attainment proceed from leadership. Effective leadership styles facilitate, influence, motivate and lead employees to adopt organisational and professional culture and approaches. These approaches are translated into effective management. For instance, leadership

Competitive Landscape for Cosmetics Company Case Study

Competitive Landscape for Cosmetics Company - Case Study Example They introduced the revolutionary bare minerals makeup: a lightweight powder foundation, free of oil, preservatives, fragrance, talc, dyes or other potential irritants, and claims to provide "makeup so pure you can sleep in it". Bare Escentuals products are sold in company-owned retail stores, on QVC; and, through direct-response, TV, mail order, Sephora, Ulta, Nordstrom, spas, salons, and international channels. The product of Bare Escentuals cater to women of all ages and skin types. Most importantly, it is targeting those who have sensitive skins, allergies, scars, blemishes, rosacea, wrinkles and pigmentation who can benefit from their 100% pure bareMinerals. Currently, Bare Escentuals spearheaded by its CEO Leslie Blodgett has traveled across the globe to look for women with real problems to serve as their spokespersons. Vital statistics: Used by women ages 18 - 60 Friendly to women of various skin types and sensitivities Used by single women, married ones and even grandmothers Major City Dweller who are financially capable Price range from less than $20 - $ 100 Highlights: 100% pure bareMinerals Joined forced with md formulations skin care in 2001 Major leader in skincare Bare Escentuals is one of the fastest growing cosmetics companies in the US Bare Escentuals has the #1 national beauty infomercial Recommended by The Skin Cancer Foundation. Quadrupled revenue from 2001 to 2004 Strengths 1. use of 100% pureMinerals 2. free from various skin irritants 3. partnership with md formulations which produced a good tandem of providing the best skin for the best makeup effect 4. excellent customer service 5. covers acne to scar problems 6. light, easy to use and clean 7....Bare Escentuals products are sold in company-owned retail stores, on QVC; and, through direct-response, TV, mail order, Sephora, Ulta, Nordstrom, spas, salons, and international channels. The product of Bare Escentuals cater to women of all ages and skin types. Most importantly, it is targeting those who have sensitive skins, allergies, scars, blemishes, rosacea, wrinkles and pigmentation who can benefit from their 100% pure bareMinerals. Founded in France by world-renowned makeup artist Terry Gunzberg in 1998, by Terry is an exclusive brand of cosmetics. It uses the most expensive, delicate tints in creating extraordinary textures in various exciting and "sensual" shades. Their makeup is complemented by a unique jewel cases which are also luxury accessories. By Terry's "ready-to-wear" cosmetics are very popular among French actresses and socialites. The brand also has a team of makeup specialists that develop haute couteur as called by Gunzberg. This haute couteur is an exclusive custom-made makeup line that is tailored for each client and is very expensive and has to be pre-ordered or booked in advance. The Christian Dior Group started way back in the 1940's.

Frito Lay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Frito Lay - Essay Example Some of the features of the sales job that made it appropriate for a results based approach to job performance are that the number of sales that the employees make determines the amount of profits that the company will make. Secondly is that the payment mode of the job is on a commission basis depending on the number of sales that an individual makes. 2. One of the advantages that accrue to Frito Lay in defining the performance of its route sales employees in terms of its behaviour is that it is able to concentrate on areas that will increase the sales depending on the route. However, a major disadvantage of this method in defining behaviour is that it makes it difficult to shift employees from one route to another due to the different behaviours that are required to make sale. In order to address these issues, a commission pay system should be modified to include a system of payment that is dependent on the timeliness of arrival for the high-volume route employees and the ability of low-volume route employees to negotiate for the ideal shelf space. 3. Frito Lay emphasized on behaviour of the route employees in its research to increase its sales, however there are other dimensions that are equally important, such as the different abilities and educational levels of the employees, as they will determine how effectively they will be able to handle their duties. Overlooking these aspects of performance is bound to make the route employees unable to meet their targets, which lead to low pay, and the company will record low profits. Indonesia- Asia stumbling giant 1. The poor economic performance that has been experienced in Indonesia has been because of political and economic factors. Some of the political factors that contributed to the poor economic performance include the rule of Dictator Suharto that left the country with huge debts to pay, in addition, the levels of corruption and lack of political goodwill has led to the stagnation of the economy. The economi c factors that have contributed to the poor economic performance include the reduction in foreign direct investments, the bureaucratic process that takes up to 151 days in order for a person to get a license to operate a business have also contributed to the low economic performance of Indonesia (Lewis, 91). These two factors are related since the political class, who have embezzled public funds and failed to formulate policies to spur economic growth has created the poor economic environment in the country. 2. Some of the reasons that might have led to foreign firms leaving Indonesia in the early 2000’s include the corruption levels in the country and bureaucratic processes; this meant a decline in GDP since there was no revenue generated by the firms any more. In order to reverse this trend, the levels of corruption and bureaucratic processes should be addressed. 3. Corruption in Indonesia is a challenge since the political class lack the goodwill to eradicate it, as they a re also involved, this has made foreign investors shy away from investing in the country. 4. A major risk that foreign firms in Indonesia face is jailing of their employees or their operation licenses not being renewed due to failure to give bribes to the authorities. To reduce these risks, these firms should lobby the government to create a favourable business environment for foreign firms. Japan’s economic malaise 1. The Japanese economy has stagnated because after the economic depression that the country faced, the country has been unable to spur economic growth again despite the government efforts. 2. The downward trend in the Japanese economy

Competitive Landscape for Cosmetics Company Case Study

Competitive Landscape for Cosmetics Company - Case Study Example They introduced the revolutionary bare minerals makeup: a lightweight powder foundation, free of oil, preservatives, fragrance, talc, dyes or other potential irritants, and claims to provide "makeup so pure you can sleep in it". Bare Escentuals products are sold in company-owned retail stores, on QVC; and, through direct-response, TV, mail order, Sephora, Ulta, Nordstrom, spas, salons, and international channels. The product of Bare Escentuals cater to women of all ages and skin types. Most importantly, it is targeting those who have sensitive skins, allergies, scars, blemishes, rosacea, wrinkles and pigmentation who can benefit from their 100% pure bareMinerals. Currently, Bare Escentuals spearheaded by its CEO Leslie Blodgett has traveled across the globe to look for women with real problems to serve as their spokespersons. Vital statistics: Used by women ages 18 - 60 Friendly to women of various skin types and sensitivities Used by single women, married ones and even grandmothers Major City Dweller who are financially capable Price range from less than $20 - $ 100 Highlights: 100% pure bareMinerals Joined forced with md formulations skin care in 2001 Major leader in skincare Bare Escentuals is one of the fastest growing cosmetics companies in the US Bare Escentuals has the #1 national beauty infomercial Recommended by The Skin Cancer Foundation. Quadrupled revenue from 2001 to 2004 Strengths 1. use of 100% pureMinerals 2. free from various skin irritants 3. partnership with md formulations which produced a good tandem of providing the best skin for the best makeup effect 4. excellent customer service 5. covers acne to scar problems 6. light, easy to use and clean 7....Bare Escentuals products are sold in company-owned retail stores, on QVC; and, through direct-response, TV, mail order, Sephora, Ulta, Nordstrom, spas, salons, and international channels. The product of Bare Escentuals cater to women of all ages and skin types. Most importantly, it is targeting those who have sensitive skins, allergies, scars, blemishes, rosacea, wrinkles and pigmentation who can benefit from their 100% pure bareMinerals. Founded in France by world-renowned makeup artist Terry Gunzberg in 1998, by Terry is an exclusive brand of cosmetics. It uses the most expensive, delicate tints in creating extraordinary textures in various exciting and "sensual" shades. Their makeup is complemented by a unique jewel cases which are also luxury accessories. By Terry's "ready-to-wear" cosmetics are very popular among French actresses and socialites. The brand also has a team of makeup specialists that develop haute couteur as called by Gunzberg. This haute couteur is an exclusive custom-made makeup line that is tailored for each client and is very expensive and has to be pre-ordered or booked in advance. The Christian Dior Group started way back in the 1940's.

Peace and Free

Peace and Freedom throughout a Nation Essay Throughout the course of John F. Kennedy’s inaugural speech, he uses several persuasive appeals such as the idea of peace and freedom to inspire and gain the trust of his Nation.   In the beginning of Kennedy’s speech, he mentions that America will â€Å"pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend [and] oppose any foe† (par 4) for the preservation of liberty. This is an example of parallelism clauses that make clear of Kennedy’s intent to do anything it takes for the survival and liberty. Kennedy states that both sides of a conflict should join in creating â€Å"a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak are secure and the peace preserved† (par 19). Kennedy’s use of parallelism helps keep the people’s attention to help illustrate his key points of his speech. He later describes the â€Å"power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life,† (par 2) that uses that power to free the peoples of the world. Meaning we have the power to destroy ourselves but it should only be used to better our nation, and create a balance of peace and freedom in the world. During this time the United States was in the beginning of the Cold War and he knew that focuses had to be on containing Communism in order to assure the American people that they were safe. Kennedy constantly reminds the American people that they are a united and strong country that can make it through anything. Kennedy begins four paragraphs in a row with the same words, â€Å"To those,† (par7-8) to illustrate that he is willing to work things out with the countries America is having problems with. His use of repetition helps him remind his country that they can make it through anything in a persuasive way. He also mentions that America can solve problems with their enemies during diplomacy several times. Kennedy amplifies his desire for peace and unity when he repeats, â€Å"Let both sides† (par 14-18) he utilizes alliteration to explain his want for unity instead of division. It is brought to our attention that â€Å"if a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few that are rich (par 8). In order to sustain peace and freedom throughout the nation these things like this need to be recognized. Kennedy creates a common enemy to unite the people’s pride. While discussing newly freed countries he uses a metaphor, saying, â€Å"remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by ridding the back of the tiger ended up inside† (par 7). Also when he says, â€Å"the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans† (par 3) he is using a metaphor showing that America intends to control themselves and let no one else rule them. So our Nation â€Å"should only glow from that fire [that] can truly light the world† (par 12) meaning if everyone does something to benefit the country we will succeed and live and peace. John F. Kennedy did an outstanding job with gaining the trust of his Nation during his 1961 inaugural address. The people were able to feel safe and protected with Kennedy becoming president. The fear of being taken over by a Communist nation lessened, and peace and freedom was sure to come.

Service Recovery In The Hotel Industry

Service Recovery In The Hotel Industry Abstract Aiming at the actuality that the article about service recovery in the hotel industry. Handling complaints, resolving problems, retain the customers and to avoid undesirable outcomes such as negative thinks of the customers for the services. Fortunately significant progress has been made in the hotel industry to service recovery in the last few years. This article based on the literature view, environment and marketing mix strategies to identify what changes has been made in the recent year of hotel industry to achieved maximum customer satisfaction level. We adopt marketing mix 7Ps in the service recovery and analysis what changes has been made in to minimize the service failure in the hotel industry. The confirmatory result shows that the scale service processes to better reliability and validity level, and the basic need of the customer services recovery expectation includes recovery attributes, service failure attributes and empowering employees for problem solution in the hotel industry. Introduction Hotel industry one of the fastest growing industry in the current scenario .The demand of hotel industry has been increase in recent time and now days tourists want highly specialized as well as customized services from hotel industry. In addition, competition in the field of hotel industry and tourism has always been extremely on top and it is always difficult for newcomers to adopt the new trends and demand their own market share. Therefore, Hotel industry professionals need to focus on offering better quality services at affordable prices for the customers. The main goal of the industry is to obtain customer satisfaction in terms of services and money and maintain stable relationship with customers in long term basis. Services recovery is the action that the services provider should adopt for the services failure (Gronroos,1988,p.10-13) Researches indicated that the service recovery could enhance customers perceptive value, satisfactory feeling, loyalty and credit, and the satisfactory service recovery is propitious to reduce customers conversion intention and fluidity (Bitner, 1990, Lewis, 2004, Cong, 2007). McColloughs service recovery paradox even pointed out that customers satisfaction after service recovery would exceed customers satisfaction without service failure, which more showed the importance of service recovery (Boshoff, 1999, P.236-249) However, Satisfying a customers is a very difficult job for any industry especially when it comes to services industry. Earlier studies have shown that consumers level of satisfaction is generally lower for the services than product (Andreasen Best,1977). When it comes for hotel industry, where customer want high level of services and personal interaction with many departments and services failure is sometimes difficult to avoid by the industry. Services recovery is a important marketing tool which provide a another chance for the hotel industry to satisfy the consumers demands. The outcomes of services recovery will strongly influence the customers opinion of the hotel industry. This essay focuses to identify and evaluate previous services recovery process with the current process in the hotel industry. It is also show that services recovery in the hotel industry has influence on the tourism and the images of a location. Furthermore, essay will show how the services recovery experience affects consumers behavior for hotel industry. Literature Review Services recovery The necessity for the service recovery is brought about by services failure. Services failure is define as those situations when the services fails to live up to the customers expectations (Michel,2001) or according to Maxham (2001), any services-related mishaps or problems (real and/or perceived) that occur during a consumers experience of the firm. Services recovery has all those actions which is taken by the a services provider in order to resolve the all problem that caused the services failure in the industry( Gronroos,1990) Agenda is not only to resolve the problems but try to find out the source of the problem. A good recovery will reduce customers negative aspect for the industry and increase the services quality level to meet customers expectation. However as Smith et al. (1999) state, service recovery includes situations in which a service failure occurs but no complaint is lodged by the customers (p. 359), it means services recovery also includes that situations where some time customer not able to expressed a complaint or discomfort but the services provider has to indentify or recognized the failure in their services and take initiated a recovery procedure. In addition, studies show very few unhappy or dissatisfied customers actually complain about the services. So its very important for the services recovery system to indentify the fault with in the process and rectified on time to betterment for hotel industry. However service recoverys major importance is increase customer satisfactions and makes long term relation with the customers. Customers satisfaction with the service recovery will directly affect on the customer intentions toward the industry and they will might be think about to repurchase and recommend the service provider for other customers. This is very important for the service industry in term of increase own and industry marker share. Justice Theory in service recovery Justice theory is majorly used in services recovery studies to help analyze customers perceive the entire recovery process. With the help of it we can identified which elements affect the customers image of the locations. In the terms of services industry, inputs can be defined as the costs (economic, time energy cost etc.) that is service failure in the industry and outcomes after process will services recovery tactics (e.g. cash refunds ,apology, replacement etc.) In addition customer will determine whether a recovery attempts was fair or not in terms of services recovery or they will satisfied with the changes has been done by the recovery system. There are three dimensions are :- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Distributive justice (focusing on the outcome of the recovery process) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Procedural justice (examining the process undertaken in order to arrive at the final outcome) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Interactional justice (referring to the manner in which the process is implemented and the customer is treated) (Hoffman et al., 2000; Tax, Brown Chandrashekaran, 1998) Image of the destination Image of the destinations is very important aspect in hotel industry and here we have to linkup between customers satisfactions with the services recovery and the image of the destinations. It is very new aspect in the services recovery process. In the current scenario destinations image is very important to increase the profit margin of the industry. For example any destinations where consumers get satisfied with the hotel services and all then defiantly he will going to share his experience about particular destinations and talk about the hotel services . That will generate more demand and more people get attracted to visit those locations. Lots studies measures that there is difference between the pre- trip and post -trip image of the destination. Some time its positive and some time negative. Post trip behavior Post trip behavior is important component of service recovery process. Its very useful for continues improvement in the services. Most of the services and especially hotel industry use that tool very effetely for example customer feedback form after service offered ,and always ready to take customer suggestion and opinion about their services. Its also important to retain the customers for the next time because find a new customer is very difficult and crucial task in hotel industry rather than continue with the same customers .If customers will be satisfied with the services then it might be possible they can bring few more customer for them. That is mouth publicity which is very useful and effective in marketing without investing money. Macro Environment Macro environment include the following element are Technological, Political, Economical, Social-Culture. It is also called PEST. For more precision the term PESTET is also used. Find here the PEST framework for the environment auditing in terms of the service recovery. What influence it has on the service recovery in hotel industry to achieved customer satisfaction. Hotel industry has to be consider all the factor before going to make any service recovery process. POLITICAL/LEGAL FACTORS: Legislative Structure Government and political stability Taxation Policies Pressure groups Monopolistic restrictions Political orientations Trade Union Power Environmental protection legislation Foreign trade legislations Employment legislation ECONOMIC FACTORS: Business Cycles Money Supply Inflation Rates Investment levels Unemployment Energy Costs GNP trends Patterns of ownership SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS: Demographics Lifestyles Educational Levels Social Mobility Attitudes Consumerism TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS: Levels and focuses of government and industrial RD expenditure Speed of technology transfer Product Life Cycle Joint Ventures Technological Shift The (change)costs of technology Table 1.1 PEST frameworks for the environment auditing (Source: Wilson, R. M. and Gilligan, C.2003) Environment:- Green environment is very important factor when it come services industry or hotel industry. There has been so many changes happened in the last few years. In the recent time service recovery highly depend on the environment policy to provide customer satisfactions. In addition, consumer looking for environment free service to protect the environment and services recovery also use it as a tool to reduce service failure and create brand value in the market. Concept of STP After focusing on the environmental analysis, now we will discuss market related segmentations, Targets and Position of the industry. These are very important tools of the services recovery process to identified best strategies to come up with the failure. The following figure shows the eight stages of STP process. 1. Identify the current position, capabilities, objectives and constraints.. Situation Analysis 2. Identify the segmentation of variables and segment of the markets for their services 3. Develop profiles of each segment according to requirement Market Segmentation 4. Evaluate the potential and attractiveness of each segment and try to minimize the services failure. 5. Select the target segment(s). Market Targeting 6. Identify the positioning concept within each target segment in terms of customer satisfaction. 7. Select and develop the appropriate positioning concepts to achieved 100% services level. Product Positioning 8. Develop the marketing mix strategy for service recovery in the industry. The Marketing Mix Table 1.2 The eight stages of the segmentation, targeting and positioning process (Source: Wilson, R. M. and Gilligan, C. 1998) Marketing Mix Strategies:- Marketing mix is a very important tool of marketing and it is very helpful in the decision making process. Once we evaluate the industry services level and market scenario e.g. internal and external issue and segment the target market for a particular product, industry will think about their strategies to achieve the target and for that management need to design strategic plan to get enter the into the market by using marketing mix tool e.g. price place product and promotion to recover from the failure in services. 2.1 Elements of marketing mix There is still a debate about the how many elements involve in marketing mix. Mainly management focuses on four elements price, product, place and promotion. Service industry is also considering people, process and physical evidence because it is very important for them. Generally people know the 4-Ps of marketing. Which are acts as a guideline for a management to implement their marketing strategies for the company or the industry. According to Kotler et al. (1999) the mix is a set of controllable tactical marketing tools that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. 2.1.1 The 4-Ps of marketing mix The traditionally marketing mix contain of 4 major elements. But we will discuss 7-Ps of marketing Product: Product has to be categorized one is physical food that means tangible and other is intangible for illustration Automobile industry has car as a physical product which they can sell in the market and Hotel industry like Lemiridien they have service as a product which is intangible. Price: -This is more critical and difficult element of marketing mix and management has to put lots of efforts to finalize the product price especially in services industry. For every industry it will vary time to time and circumstances. The price of the product is made on the basis of three factors as shown in the figure below: Figure 1 Factors influencing pricing decisions by the managers (Source: Liao, M. 2005) Promotion: In the current scenario promotional activity is very important to increase the market share and make awareness about changes in the services. It shows the visible face of the industry and its products in front of customer. It creates awareness about the product in the consumer mind. These are the ways which are used by the industry to communicate with the target customer in present time. Advertising (TV, News Paper, Radio, Internet) Personal Selling Sponsorship Publicity Exhibitions Sales Promotion Point of Sales Place: This element plays major role when we discuss about services recovery in hotel industry. How effective they are connected with consumer and offer them their best deal in the market. People: Employees are the key assets of the organization and all business depends on the people. How well they are playing their role in the organization. Especially when we will discuss about the services industry. Service industry always tries to take feedback from the consumer about their employees services and give them training and motivation to improve their interpersonal skill to minimize services failure in the industry. Process: Process means proper system to do the things in plan way. Follow the roles and instruction and procedure by which the service is acquired. For illustration computer function means for any operation which is perform by computer goes through pre-define process and then result will be displayed on the screen. Every process has some steps. Physical evidence: It is shown that the physical appearance of the industry is to deliver their services to the consumer like hotel building, public hospitals and school colleges. These all are contain similar types of logo or design to specified company existence. Its very important for the services industry. Evaluate the influence of 7Ps in context of service recovery in hotel industry. After having an overview of marketing mix including environment analysis, now we have to discuss all contents in terms of service industry market strategy for service recovery. Product: In the service industry product are intangible and industry had made too many changes to recover from the service failure. Now industry has different range of product in the market to offer best quality of service and minimize the service failure in the industry. Industry introduces different range of service in their product to satisfied customer demand. Now days hotel have some entertainment zone for the relaxation of the customer. Price: After service failure in the hotel industry .Pricing is very important factor in service recovery process. Customer satisfaction highly depends on the price of the services and facility. Hotel industry has different price range to cover all segments with different range in service quality. It has all basic prices and customer has paid more to get additional features in the current service level. Company has to meet the competitors price and also offer some extra benefit to satisfied consumer like free food and transports etc. price is mostly depend on the what service they are offering for the customers and now hotel have different pricing strategies to attract more customers. Place: Place is very important aspect in terms of the service recovery for hotel industry as we discussed earlier image of the destination. Where we are operating and what services we are offering for the client. Some time industry didnt understand what they have to offer for the customers for their satisfaction. Now industry analyses shows its very important for the service industry to identify the locations and its service requirement in that destinations. Promotion: Its most important factor for in services recovery of hotel industry. Promotions offer and schemes play wider role to recover from the service failure earlier consumer dont know about the services of the hotel where customer going to stay. In the recent time, consumer become more active and aware about the services just because of the promotional activates and they knows what service they will receive. Now days industry has very strong promotional system in the world. With the help of this system industry easily transfer all information about destinations and their services with the different range of price. Customer know about new event, campaigning and promotional schemes. All results have an integrated marketing approach so that every employee of the industry could deliver the same image and services of the industry to achieve customer satisfaction with the service. In addition, some company has its call centres and informational centres to guide the customer about pro duct and its proper use. Most of the promotional budgets are spend in communicating towards advertising the product through Television, radio, press and internet. Hotel industry uses E-marketing tools to promote their new and existing service product in the market and try to improve their position in front of consumer and also have e-store facility, by which the customers could book the rooms and other service. People: People are most important part of services industry. Services industry highly depends on the people. Because there is no physical product and what ever they are charging its totally based on what services level they are offering for their customer. Earlier most of the services failure comes from here and most of the dissatisfaction in the industry based on the people behaviour on job. Now industries have better option to hire highly skills employees. so they know how to satisfied customer and how to meet their requirement. Process:- Process of hotel industry has been totally changed in the recent years. Now industry become more professional and qualifies. They know what customer wants and how to deliver it to achieved 100% customer satisfaction. Industry has standard process to fulfil the customer demand and minimize services failure with in the industry. Physical Evidence: Physical evidence is very important for any industry but its quite difficult to understand in the hotel industry. Because of there is no tangible product so industry not able to show what will the offer for the customer .But in the recent time hotel can show their services for the customers what they will offer and what facility they have for the customers . Evaluate effective marketing strategies for services recovery in hotel industry. Product Strategies:-The hotel industry has variety of right mix product for every market segment with best feature and services. Now days hotel industry has very focused segmentation e.g. lower to upper range product and services according to that. They have target audience and positioning strategies. Industry has flexible product so if a customer wants to add some services in existing facility then they can add on few package in that. Such kind of strategies easily satisfied the customer requirement. Promotional strategies:- Hotel industry profit more depend on the promotions strategies as compare to earlier time and its very important tool of recovery and generate maximum profit from the market. Internet play wider role in to promote hotel industry through out the world customer can book the room in advance and they have all information about the locations and services which will they get in the hotel .Internet easily transform information to customers. Hotel industry is spending million of dollars to increase the market value with the help of promotional scheme. All hotels provide all the details about their product and services on their company official website and also highlights the best feature about the product. Process: Hotel industry is one of the best industries in the world. Service recovery in the process also has been changed a lot. In the recent years industry become more professional and structured. They follow its own process to meet customer demand and satisfied them with services. Conclusion: In this article, we are tried to find service recovery in hotel industry on the basis of marketing mix. Where they are change their strategies to achieve customer satisfaction and come up with the failure which happened earlier in the market. The article use marketing mix approach to identify the market scenario and fault in the market in terms of services and where they made changes to recover from the failure. This model intended to expand the impact of 7Ps on the services recovery from the service provider. Putting the article into the practice its shows service provider made so many changes to recover from loses in the industry in terms of marketing afford and strategies. After analysis of marketing mix model in hotel industry its clearly show that industry had too many changes to become more profitable industry. Now it has more flexible service product in the market and trying to become more flexible as per the customer demand. Industry also effectively using technology to achie ved their target and objective. However service industry dont have physical product which they can show to the customer so they have to more effective and fast service offer for the customer to take positive feedback from the customers. In addition, industry also takes responsibility to build a strong image of the destination so that it attracts other customer to visit there. Hotel services in very important to maintain the positive image of the destination. 7 Ps of marketing is very effective to evaluate the service of the hotel industry. Where promotions activities is more important factor to improve the service level and differentiate between earlier and existing service in the industry. Hotel industry introduces some other new service to improve customer satisfaction. Therefore, in this article we discuss about the changes in service level people role in the system and how well they are involve to improve the service of the hotel industry in order to customer satisfaction and increase the profit margin. .